Math
Apophenia - A C library for statistical and scientific computing. [GPL2]
LibTomMath666
A free open source portable number theoretic multiple-precision integer library written entirely in C. [PublicDomain & WTFPL] website
Boost.Multiprecision206
provides higher-range/precision integer, rational and floating-point types in C++, header-only or with GMP/MPFR/LibTomMath backends. [Boost] website
c
ceres-solver
C++ library for modeling and solving large complicated nonlinear least squares problems from google. [BSD]
G
Geometric Tools
C++ library for computing in the fields of mathematics, graphics, image analysis and physics. [Boost] website